Abstract The inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand. programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are involved in immune evasion mechanisms for several pathogens causing chronic infections. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway restores anti-virus immune responses. with concomitant reduction in viral load. https://www.parisnaturalfoodes.shop/product-category/super-cod-liver-oil/